INTELLECTUALS OF THE CITY AND VILLAGES OF UKRAINIAN PROVINCES IN THE RUSSIAN ЕMPIRE: MATERIAL ASPECTS OF EVERYDAY LIFE

Abstract

The main idea of the article is consider the material aspects of the everyday life of urban and country intellectuals of Ukrainian provinces within the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19-th and early 20- th centuries.

The scientific novelty of our research is an attempt, based on the analysis of new archival sources, to highlight and synthesize information about the sources of official and additional revenue of intellectuals.

The article gives a general description of material and household support of the intellectuals of the second half of the 19-th century.

It is established that the level of material support of intellectuals depends on the type of activity and specialty. Relatively official and additional incomes of different categories of intellectuals. It was established that the least secure category of intellectuals were provincial doctors and provincial teachers, and the most secure category were representatives of creative professions (writers, painters, actors).

It was determined that the material providing of the creative intellectuals depended not only on the  fixed fee and popularity, but also on the profit from the implementation of the produce of its originative activity.

Considered prices for food and clothing during the 19-th and early 20-th centuries. The basic and additional expenses of representatives of the intellectuals are analyzed. Taking into account the financial and material support of everyday life of intellectuals, the main costs and prices for food and household items are analyzed. It was found that, in addition to constant food and housing costs, the intellectuals spent their money on work and spiritual and cultural needs.

Consideration of the material aspects of the everyday life of the urban and rural intellectuals of the Ukrainian provinces within the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19-th and early 20-th centuries makes it possible to argue that in the conditions of the formation of a market model of the economy, its modernization during the industrial revolution caused by the period of “Great reforms” during the second half of the 19-th and early 20-th centuries material welfare and living conditions of everyday life of representatives of different categories of racist intellectuals of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire has improved significantly, which was manifested in the growth of remuneration of representatives of mental professions, expanding the diet, greater availability of high-quality and expensive clothes, shoes, comfortable modes of long- distance transport.